![]() In addition, the electron may jump from one “orbit” to a lower one, with the energy difference being emitted as a photon. The model says that an electron orbiting the nucleus of the atom can have only a discrete set of binding energies the latter are quantized. Then, in 1913, Bohr introduced his planetary model of the atom, building on the experiments of Rutherford. In the same year 1905 (called “annus mirabilis”), he overturned classical Galilean mechanics with his special relativity, making it compatible with electromagnetism. Thus, light is made of elementary grains, called photons, in fact Planck’s quanta light is also corpuscular, not only a wave phenomenon (he got a Nobel Prize in 1921 for this achievement). Then, in 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect as the collision between an atom and a particle. Then, in 1900, Planck explained it by introducing artificial entities, called quanta, that were supposed to be elementary constituents of energy, each of them proportional to a given frequency. One case that could not be predicted correctly was the black-body spectrum-that is, the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a heated body. However, a revolution was about to explode. Only some rare phenomena resisted an explanation. In addition, large systems were described by thermodynamics, developed by Maxwell and Boltzmann on a statistical basis. Newton’s classical mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetism reigned over the whole branch only details remained to be improved. By the year 1900, physics was considered to be finished by the main experts, such as Lord Kelvin or Lord Rayleigh.
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